## Allowable stress

Stress and its limit values: Reliable use of the products depends on how the designer ensures that the maximum stress in their critical locations is less than its limit value. This inequality must be met with sufficient margin to cover all sources of uncertainty of the relevant quantities; Under these circumstances, violation may occur only in exceptional circumstances. See Equations. below include sources of uncertainty regarding the strength of the component.

Safety factor: Determination of the corresponding coefficient of safety is a complicated and responsible task. A high coefficient of safety usually results in a safer design, however with a higher weight and thus a higher price and vice versa. It is the basic engineering compromise of "price vs. safety". However, it is the responsibility of the designer to determine such coefficient of safety that ensures corresponding safety at an acceptable price. At the same time, the coefficient of safety can vary within a wide range 1.1 to 5+.

load $\mathrm{}$

Allowable axial stress:

$σ_{Aall}$ $=\cfrac{0.45\cdot R_{p0.2/T}}{S_F}\cdot C_c$

where:
 $σ_{Aall}$ allowable axial stress $\mathrm{MPa}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

Allowable bending stress:

$σ_{Ball}$ $=\cfrac{0.6\cdot R_{p0.2/T}}{S_F}\cdot C_c$

where:
 $σ_{Ball}$ allowable bending stress $\mathrm{MPa}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

Allowable shear stress:

$τ_{all}$ $=\cfrac{0.4\cdot R_{p0.2/T}}{S_F}\cdot C_c$

where:
 $τ_{all}$ allowable shear stress $\mathrm{MPa}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

Allowable bearing stress:

$σ_{all}$ $=\cfrac{0.9\cdot R_{p0.2/T}}{S_F}\cdot C_c$

where:
 $σ_{all}$ allowable bearing stress $\mathrm{MPa}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

Allowable combined stress:

$σ_{Call}$ $=\cfrac{R_{p0.2/T}}{S_F}\cdot C_c$

where:
 $σ_{Call}$ allowable combined stress $\mathrm{MPa}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

Literature:
- AISC: Specification for structural steel buildings: Allowable Stress design and plastic design 1989.
- Joseph E. Shigley, Charles R. Mischke, Richard G. Budynas: Konstruování strojních součástí 2010.