## Buckling

Fig. 1 - Type of strut mounting

The analysis and design of compression members can differ significantly from that of members loaded in tension or in torsion. If you were to take a long rod or pole, such as a meterstick, and apply gradually increasing compressive forces at each end, very small axial deflections would happen at first, but then the stick would bend (buckle), and very quickly bend so much as to possibly cfracture. It is advisable to distinguish compression members according to their length and according to whether the loading is central or eccentric.

The first two load types are valid for the ideal rod. The actual rod may have a center line with initial curvature due to production. And due to the assembly, the eccentrically acting load. It is often not possible to prevent such deviations (imperfections) even though these deviations are often very small, it is advisable to include them in the strength assessment using the third and fourth types.

$\cfrac{F_{max}}{S}$ $=R_{p0.2/T}/\left[1+\cfrac{ec}{i^2}\right]$

applies under the following conditions:
$\cfrac{L\cdotβ}{i}\le0.282\sqrt{\cfrac{ES}{F}}$

$\cfrac{F_{max}}{S_F}\cdot C_c\geq F$

where:
 $F_{max}$ maximal (critical) force for truts or short columns with eccentric loading $\mathrm{N}$ $S$ profile area $\mathrm{mm^2}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $e$ eccentricity $\mathrm{mm}$ $c$ extreme fiber distance $\mathrm{mm}$ $i$ gyration radius $\mathrm{mm}$ $L$ strut length $\mathrm{mm}$ $β$ koeficient for buckling $\mathrm{ }$ $E$ Young's modulus $\mathrm{MPa}$ $F$ axial force $\mathrm{N}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

$\cfrac{F_{max}}{S}$ $=R_{p0.2/T}/\left[1+\cfrac{ec}{i^2}\sec\left(\cfrac{L\cdotβ}{2i}\sqrt{\cfrac{F_{max}}{ES}}\right)\right]$

applies under the following conditions:
$\cfrac{L\cdotβ}{i}>0.282\sqrt{\cfrac{ES}{F}}$

$\cfrac{F_{max}}{S_F}\cdot C_c\geq F$

where:
 $F_{max}$ maximal (critical) force for columns with eccentric loading $\mathrm{N}$ $S$ profile area $\mathrm{mm^2}$ $R_{p0.2/T}$ the minimum yield strength $\mathrm{MPa}$ $e$ eccentricity $\mathrm{mm}$ $c$ extreme fiber distance $\mathrm{mm}$ $i$ gyration radius $\mathrm{mm}$ $L$ strut length $\mathrm{mm}$ $β$ koeficient for buckling $\mathrm{ }$ $E$ Young's modulus $\mathrm{MPa}$ $F$ axial force $\mathrm{N}$ $S_F$ safety factor $\mathrm{ }$ $C_c$ coefficient according to load $\mathrm{ }$

load $\mathrm{}$